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Additives Directory

A reference for E-numbers and food additives: what they are, where they appear, and how they are regulated.

E102 Color

Tartrazine

A synthetic yellow azo dye used to color food and drinks.

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E150d Color

Sulphite ammonia caramel

A 'Class IV' caramel color produced with sulphite and ammonia compounds.

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E160a Color

Beta-carotene

An orange pigment from plants that the body converts into vitamin A.

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E171 Color

Titanium dioxide

A white mineral pigment used as a colorant and opacifier.

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E202 Preservative

Potassium sorbate

The potassium salt of sorbic acid, used to inhibit mold and yeast.

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E211 Preservative

Sodium benzoate

The sodium salt of benzoic acid, effective in acidic foods and drinks.

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E220 Preservative

Sulphur dioxide

A gaseous preservative used to prevent browning and microbial growth.

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E250 Preservative

Sodium nitrite

A curing salt that gives cured meats their pink color and inhibits Clostridium botulinum.

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E300 Antioxidant

Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)

Vitamin C, used both as a nutrient and as a food antioxidant.

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E322 Emulsifier

Lecithin

A group of phospholipids that act as natural emulsifiers.

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E330 Acidity regulator

Citric acid

An organic acid that gives citrus fruit its tartness, used to adjust pH and flavor.

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E407 Thickener / Gelling

Carrageenan

A polysaccharide extracted from red seaweed, used to thicken and stabilize.

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E415 Thickener / Gelling

Xanthan gum

A polysaccharide produced by bacterial fermentation, used as a thickener and stabilizer.

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E471 Emulsifier

Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids

Partial glycerides of fatty acids, the most widely used emulsifier in the food industry.

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E621 Flavor enhancer

Monosodium glutamate (MSG)

The sodium salt of glutamic acid, used to add savory umami flavor.

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E951 Sweetener

Aspartame

A low-calorie artificial sweetener made from two amino acids.

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E955 Sweetener

Sucralose

A heat-stable artificial sweetener about 600 times sweeter than sugar.

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E104 Color

Quinoline yellow

A synthetic greenish-yellow dye of the quinophthalone class, used to colour food, drink and medicines.

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E110 Color

Sunset yellow FCF

A synthetic orange-yellow azo dye, known in the United States as FD&C Yellow No. 6.

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E122 Color

Azorubine (carmoisine)

A synthetic bluish-red azo dye, also sold under the name carmoisine.

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E124 Color

Ponceau 4R

A synthetic red azo dye, also called cochineal red A, with no connection to cochineal insects.

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E129 Color

Allura red AC

A synthetic red azo dye, known in the United States as FD&C Red No. 40.

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E120 Color

Cochineal / Carminic acid

A red pigment extracted from the dried bodies of the cochineal insect Dactylopius coccus.

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E1105 Preservative

Lysozyme

An enzyme isolated from hen egg white that breaks down the cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria.

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E414 Thickener / Gelling

Acacia gum (Gum arabic)

A soluble fibre made from the hardened sap of Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal trees, used as a thickener, emulsifier and glazing agent.

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E221 Preservative

Sodium sulphite

A soluble sodium salt of sulphurous acid used as a preservative and antioxidant.

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E222 Preservative

Sodium bisulphite

The sodium salt of hydrogen sulphite, supplied as an aqueous solution and used as a preservative and antioxidant.

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E223 Preservative

Sodium metabisulphite

A white crystalline salt that releases sulphur dioxide in water and is the most widely used sulphite preservative.

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E224 Preservative

Potassium metabisulphite

The potassium form of metabisulphite, used mainly as a preservative and antioxidant in wine and cider.

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E226 Preservative

Calcium sulphite

A calcium salt of sulphurous acid with low water solubility, used as a preservative and antioxidant.

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E227 Preservative

Calcium bisulphite

A calcium sulphite that exists only in solution, used as a preservative and antioxidant.

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E228 Preservative

Potassium bisulphite

A potassium sulphite supplied as an aqueous solution and used as a preservative and antioxidant.

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E210 Preservative

Benzoic acid

A weak organic acid used as a preservative against yeasts, moulds and some bacteria in acidic foods.

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E212 Preservative

Potassium benzoate

The potassium salt of benzoic acid, used as a preservative in acidic foods and drinks.

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E213 Preservative

Calcium benzoate

The calcium salt of benzoic acid, a preservative for acidic foods and beverages.

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E200 Preservative

Sorbic acid

An organic acid used as a preservative, mainly against moulds and yeasts.

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E201 Preservative

Sodium sorbate

The sodium salt of sorbic acid; no longer authorised as a food additive in the EU.

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E203 Preservative

Calcium sorbate

The calcium salt of sorbic acid, a mould and yeast inhibitor removed from the EU authorised list in 2018.

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E249 Preservative

Potassium nitrite

A curing salt that, like sodium nitrite, fixes the colour of cured meat and inhibits Clostridium botulinum.

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E251 Preservative

Sodium nitrate

A curing salt that acts as a slow-release source of nitrite in long-cured meat and some cheeses.

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E252 Preservative

Potassium nitrate

Saltpetre, a curing salt that slowly releases nitrite in dry-cured meat and certain cheeses.

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E620 Flavor enhancer

Glutamic acid

The free amino acid behind umami taste, used as a flavour enhancer and mild acid.

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E622 Flavor enhancer

Monopotassium glutamate

The potassium salt of glutamic acid, used as a lower-sodium umami flavour enhancer.

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E627 Flavor enhancer

Disodium guanylate

A ribonucleotide flavour enhancer that sharply amplifies the umami effect of glutamates.

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E631 Flavor enhancer

Disodium inosinate

A ribonucleotide flavour enhancer used with glutamates to multiply the umami effect.

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E310 Antioxidant

Propyl gallate

A synthetic antioxidant, the propyl ester of gallic acid, used to stop fats and oils turning rancid.

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E320 Antioxidant

Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)

A synthetic phenolic antioxidant used to keep fats, oils and fat-containing foods from going rancid.

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E321 Antioxidant

Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)

A synthetic phenolic antioxidant used to delay rancidity in fats, oils and fat-containing foods.

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E950 Sweetener

Acesulfame K

A calorie-free artificial sweetener about 200 times sweeter than sugar.

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E952 Sweetener

Cyclamates

A synthetic sweetener 30 to 50 times sweeter than sugar, authorised in the EU but not in the United States.

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E954 Sweetener

Saccharin

The oldest artificial sweetener, roughly 300 to 500 times sweeter than sugar.

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E960 Sweetener

Steviol glycosides

Plant-derived sweeteners extracted from stevia leaves, about 200 to 350 times sweeter than sugar.

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E965 Sweetener

Maltitol

A sugar alcohol used as a bulk sweetener, almost as sweet as sugar.

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E967 Sweetener

Xylitol

A sugar alcohol as sweet as sugar, best known from dental chewing gum and mints.

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E968 Sweetener

Erythritol

A sugar alcohol with virtually no calories, about 60 to 70 per cent as sweet as sugar.

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E420 Sweetener

Sorbitol

A sugar alcohol about 60 per cent as sweet as sugar, used both as a sweetener and as a humectant.

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E410 Thickener / Gelling

Locust bean gum

A galactomannan gum milled from the seeds of the carob tree, used to thicken and stabilize.

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E412 Thickener / Gelling

Guar gum

A galactomannan gum milled from guar beans, a legume, used to thicken and stabilize.

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E440 Thickener / Gelling

Pectins

A family of plant polysaccharides extracted mainly from citrus peel and apple pomace, used as a gelling agent.

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E466 Thickener / Gelling

Carboxymethyl cellulose

A chemically modified, water-soluble cellulose used as a thickener, stabilizer and bulking agent, also labelled cellulose gum.

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E1412 Thickener / Gelling

Distarch phosphate

A modified starch whose chains are cross-linked with phosphate groups so that it withstands heat, acid and stirring.

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E1442 Thickener / Gelling

Hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate

A modified starch that is both cross-linked with phosphate and etherified with hydroxypropyl groups, which gives it freeze-thaw stability.

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E260 Acidity regulator

Acetic acid

The acid that gives vinegar its sour taste, used to acidify and preserve food.

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E296 Acidity regulator

Malic acid

The acid that gives apples their sharpness, used to add tartness and control pH.

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E297 Acidity regulator

Fumaric acid

A powdered organic acid with a strong, slow-dissolving sourness, used as an acidulant.

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E331 Acidity regulator

Trisodium citrate

The sodium salt of citric acid, used to control acidity and to bind metal ions.

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E332 Acidity regulator

Potassium citrates

The potassium salts of citric acid, used to regulate acidity and bind metal ions.

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E334 Acidity regulator

L(+)-tartaric acid

The natural acid of grapes, used to add sourness and as the acid in baking powder.

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E575 Acidity regulator

Glucono-delta-lactone

A mild acid formed from glucose that slowly turns into gluconic acid once it meets water.

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E338 Acidity regulator

Phosphoric acid

A strong mineral acid used to acidify soft drinks and adjust the pH of processed foods; it gives cola its sharp bite.

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E339 Acidity regulator

Monosodium phosphate

A sodium salt of phosphoric acid used as a buffer, emulsifying salt and moisture binder in processed foods.

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E340 Acidity regulator

Monopotassium phosphate

A potassium salt of phosphoric acid used as a buffer and mineral salt, notably in drinks and creamers.

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E341 Acidity regulator

Monocalcium phosphate

A calcium salt of phosphoric acid used mainly as the acid component of baking powder, and as a firming agent and calcium source.

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E450 Stabilizer

Diphosphates

A family of pyrophosphate salts used as raising acids in baking and as water-binding stabilisers in meat, fish and potato products.

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E451 Stabilizer

Triphosphates

Chain phosphate salts, mainly sodium triphosphate, used to retain moisture in meat and seafood and to emulsify processed cheese.

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E452 Stabilizer

Sodium calcium polyphosphate

A long-chain polyphosphate used as an emulsifying salt and stabiliser, mainly in processed cheese and meat products.

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E170 Color

Calcium carbonate

A white mineral used as a colour, acidity regulator, anti-caking agent and calcium source in food.

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E100 Color

Curcumin

The yellow pigment extracted from turmeric root, used to colour food.

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E101 Color

Riboflavin

Vitamin B2, a yellow-orange vitamin that is also used as a food colour.

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E162 Color

Beetroot red

A red-violet pigment (betanin) obtained from red beetroot.

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E163 Color

Anthocyanins

Water-soluble red, purple and blue plant pigments used as a food colour.

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E301 Antioxidant

Sodium ascorbate

The sodium salt of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), used as an antioxidant in food.

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E302 Antioxidant

Calcium ascorbate

The calcium salt of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), used as a food antioxidant.

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E304 Antioxidant

Ascorbyl palmitate

A fat-soluble form of vitamin C, made by joining ascorbic acid to palmitic acid.

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E306 Antioxidant

Tocopherol-rich extract

A natural mixture of tocopherols (vitamin E) obtained from vegetable oils and used as an antioxidant.

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E307 Antioxidant

Alpha-tocopherol

A single form of vitamin E, normally produced synthetically, used as an antioxidant in fats and oils.

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E392 Antioxidant

Extracts of rosemary

A plant extract from rosemary leaves, used as a natural antioxidant in fatty foods.

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E385 Sequestrant

Calcium disodium EDTA

A synthetic sequestrant that binds metal ions and so prevents oxidation, discolouration and off-flavours.

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E141 Color

Copper complexes of chlorophylls and chlorophyllins

A green colour made by replacing the magnesium at the centre of plant chlorophyll with copper.

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E401 Thickener / Gelling

Sodium alginate

The sodium salt of alginic acid, extracted from brown seaweed and used to thicken and gel foods.

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E406 Thickener / Gelling

Agar

A gelling polysaccharide extracted from red seaweed, used to set jellies, desserts and confectionery.

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E418 Thickener / Gelling

Gellan gum

A polysaccharide made by bacterial fermentation, used as a gelling agent and stabiliser.

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E422 Humectant

Glycerol

A sweet-tasting sugar alcohol used to keep food moist and to carry flavourings and colours.

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E460 Thickener / Gelling

Powdered cellulose

Purified plant fibre, used as a bulking agent, anti-caking agent and thickener.

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E476 Emulsifier

Polyglycerol polyricinoleate

An emulsifier made from castor oil that thins melted chocolate so it flows and moulds evenly.

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E481 Emulsifier

Sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate

An emulsifier and dough strengthener made by combining stearic acid with lactic acid.

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E551 Anti-caking

Silicon dioxide

A fine amorphous silica powder used to stop powdered foods from clumping.

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E901 Glazing agent

White and yellow beeswax

A natural wax produced by honeybees, used to glaze and coat foods.

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E903 Glazing agent

Carnauba wax

A hard plant wax from the leaves of the Brazilian carnauba palm, used to polish and glaze foods.

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E904 Glazing agent

Shellac

A resin secreted by the lac insect, used as a glazing agent to give a hard, shiny coat.

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E920 Flour treatment

L-cysteine

An amino acid used as a flour treatment agent to relax dough and shorten mixing and proving times.

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E1404 Thickener / Gelling

Oxidised starch

A starch treated with an oxidising agent to give thinner, clearer and more stable pastes.

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E1422 Thickener / Gelling

Acetylated distarch adipate

A modified starch that is cross-linked with adipic acid groups and acetylated, giving heat, acid and freeze-thaw stable thickening.

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E270 Acidity regulator

Lactic acid

A mild acid produced by fermentation, used to acidify, preserve and adjust flavour.

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E150a Color

Plain caramel

The Class I caramel colour, made by heating sugars without ammonia or sulphite reagents.

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E150b Color

Caustic sulphite caramel

The Class II caramel colour, made by heating sugars with sulphite compounds but no ammonia.

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E150c Color

Ammonia caramel

The Class III caramel colour, made by heating sugars with ammonium compounds but no sulphite.

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E160c Color

Paprika extract

An orange-red colour extracted from the fruit of sweet paprika peppers.

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E472e Emulsifier

DATEM

Diacetyltartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides, the emulsifier that strengthens dough in most industrial bread.

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E553b Anti-caking

Talc

A soft natural magnesium silicate mineral used as an anti-caking and surface-treatment agent.

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Information is sourced from public regulatory bodies (EFSA, FDA, WHO) and is for reference only. Always read the package and consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.